Cultural Policy in New Zealand (2007)

Contents

The following guide to New Zealand’s cultural policies and agencies has been prepared by the Ministry as a contribution to a database for the Asia/Pacific region. This project is part of Culturelink, a "network of networks" sponsored by UNESCO and the Council of Europe to exchange information and promote joint research in cultural policy.

0. INTRODUCTION

New Zealand is a democracy with a parliamentary government. Its total land area is 270,500 square kilometres. Of its total population of 4.03 million, more than 85 per cent live in urban areas, and one third live in the Auckland region. The majority (67 percent) of New Zealanders are of European descent. Māori, New Zealand’s indigenous people make up 16 percent of the population, those identifying as Asian – 9 percent and people of Pacific descent make up 6 percent.

New Zealand is a unitary state. Local government is divided between regional councils, district councils and city councils.

The founding document of New Zealand is the Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840, between the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand and the British Crown. The English text of the Treaty’s three articles is as follows:

  1. The Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand and the separate and independent Chiefs who have not become members of the Confederation cede to Her Majesty the Queen of England absolutely and without reservation all the rights and powers of Sovereignty which the said Confederation or Individual Chiefs respectively exercise or possess, or may be supposed to exercise or to possess over their respective Territories as the sole sovereigns thereof.
  2. Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and to the respective families and individuals thereof the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests and Fisheries and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession: but the Chiefs of the United Tribes and the individual Chiefs yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of Preemption over such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to alienate at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective Proprietors and persons appointed by Her Majesty to treat with them in that behalf.
  3. In consideration thereof Her Majesty the Queen of England extends to the Natives of New Zealand Her royal protection and imparts to them all the Rights and Privileges of British Subjects.

Although agriculture, manufacturing, tourism and other services are the dominant sectors of the economy, the cultural sector is growing in importance. The sector employs approximately six per cent of the work force. Over five per cent of all businesses belong to the sector. The annual employment growth rate in the sector exceeds that of the economy as a whole.

1. GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF CULTURAL POLICY

Government involvement in the cultural life of New Zealand had its origins in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the government first established national heritage institutions (the predecessors of the present-day Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, National Library, and Archives New Zealand). Many of the nation’s regional museums, galleries, and libraries were also established by the end of the nineteenth century. They have historically been - and remain - the responsibility of local government. The state’s involvement in broadcasting, which has been extensive, dates from 1925.

Structured government support for the arts began in the 1940s, with the establishment of a national symphony orchestra and the New Zealand Literary Fund. Other initiatives followed over the next half-century: the Historic Places Trust (1954),  the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council (1963) - later restructured as the Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa (1994) trading as Creative New Zealand; the New Zealand Film Commission (1978); and the Broadcasting Commission (NZ On Air), 1989.

In establishing support for the cultural sector, New Zealand has favoured the "arm’s length" model followed in other English-speaking Commonwealth countries. According to this model , the government owns and funds cultural agencies and appoints their governing boards, which are required to perform functions prescribed by a Parliamentary statute. Within the limits of this statute, each agency acts autonomously in determining and implementing policy. At the same time such activity must have regard to central government policies. The model allows the sector to develop without undue government interference, and therefore serves to protect freedom of expression. The government also funds organisations that it does not own such as the Royal New Zealand Ballet, the New Zealand Film Archive and Te Matatini (the Aotearoa Traditional Māori Performing Arts Society).

An early concentration on supporting the "high arts" was supplemented in the 1970s by structures and policies to support a wider range of cultural activities in New Zealand’s local and ethnic communities. Policies came to be concerned with encouraging community participation as well as supporting cultural practitioners. This shift in policy reflected the concept of cultural development promoted internationally by UNESCO.

A further factor influencing cultural policy was the renewed legal status given to the Treaty of Waitangi from 1975. The government-owned agencies established, or restructured, in the years since have been increasingly required to be bicultural - that is, to fairly represent Māori and non-Māori interests in their operations and their allocation of resources.

The economic reforms of the 1980s eliminated the role of government in subsidising production in most sectors. While government support for the cultural sector continued, there was a new emphasis on ensuring the financial accountability of the recipients of public funding, and on justifying support in terms of the public demand that is met. The proportions of public funding for the some organisations within the cultural sector, such as Creative New Zealand, and the New Zealand Film Commission shifted from government appropriations towards the proceeds of national lotteries. (See section 3.1, "Financing of cultural activities".) During this period, the globalisation of popular culture prompted debate about the nature of New Zealand’s cultural identity.

In 2000 the Labour-led government introduced the Cultural Recovery Package which injected $80 million into the sector with an additional $20 million for each of the following three years. This honoured a commitment to increase government support for the cultural sector. There was also an emphasis on the benefits that such an investment would bring through the creation of employment and through tourism. There is a continued emphasis on the strengthening of New Zealand’s national identity.

The involvement of government in the cultural sector has developed in a gradual fashion over the decades, and has come to involve several government departments. A ministerial portfolio for the cultural sector was first created in 1975.  The Minister holding it is now known as the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage.  A department charged with advising the government on cultural-sector issues, the Ministry of Cultural Affairs (now the Ministry for Culture and Heritage), was not established until 1991.  Prior to this the Department of Internal Affairs was responsible for the cultural sector.

2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES

2.1 Government departments

Ministry for Culture and Heritage

The government department with primary responsibility for the cultural sector is the Ministry for Culture and Heritage. The Ministry was established in 1991 (as the Ministry of Cultural Affairs), with a mandate to achieve the following outcomes:

The most efficient use of public resources to maximise understanding and appreciation of, access to and participation in New Zealand culture, and to promote the enhancement of New Zealand’s cultural identity.

The Ministry for Culture and Heritage provides advice to the New Zealand government on culture and heritage matters. It assists government in its provision and management of cultural resources for the benefit of all New Zealanders, and undertakes a number of activities that support and promote the history and heritage of our country.

The Ministry is responsible to the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage, and to the two Associate Ministers for Arts, Culture and Heritage, who by delegation from the Minister undertake aspects of the portfolio work.

The Ministry is also charged with advising and providing services to the Minister of Broadcasting, in relation to broadcasting issues and the Minister for Sport, Fitness and Leisure, in relation to Crown-funded sports agencies.

The 2006/07 Ministry Departmental appropriations were $14.932 million (GST exclusive), being 5% of total funding for Vote Arts, Culture and Heritage.  $32.179 million  (11%) was appropriated for Other Expenses to be Incurred by the Crown, including: Commonwealth War Graves; Development and Maintenance of War Graves, Historic graves and Monuments; Regional Museums; Waitangi Day Commemorations; Gallipoli Memorial Projects; and the Kerikeri Heritage Bypass.

Responsibilities

The Ministry is responsible for:

  • the provision of policy advice on arts, culture, heritage and broadcasting issues (in particular non commercial broadcasting), as determined in consultation with Ministers, including legislation, major policy proposals, and developments and initiatives which have significance to the sector;
  • the management and disbursement of payments to a number of arts, heritage, broadcasting and sports sector organisations, and the monitoring of the Crown's interests in these organisations;
  • the provision of other negotiated services to Ministers, including the preparation of replies to ministerial correspondence, and general services which assist Ministers in discharging their portfolio obligations to Parliament;
  • the research, writing and publication of New Zealand history; the administration of grants and the provision of advice about New Zealand history;
  • the management of national monuments, war and historic graves; the administration of the Protected Objects Act 1975;
  • the administration of legislation relating to the symbols and emblems of New Zealand sovereignty (including the administration of the New Zealand Flag, New Zealand National Anthems and the New Zealand Coat of Arms) and to commemorative days;
  • the administration of the Regional Museums Policy for Capital Construction Projects and Government Indemnity to Museums policies.
  • The development, production and maintenance of a number of websites focussing on New Zealand culture including Te Ara – the encyclopedia of New Zealand; nzhistory.net New Zealand History online; and NZLive.com New Zealand culture online.

Relationships with Other Organisations

The Ministry administers government funding to a number of statutory bodies in the cultural sector, and manages the Crown's relationship with them.  These organisations are:

which are responsible to the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage (or, by delegation, the Associate Minister);

which are responsible to the Minister of Broadcasting; and

which are responsible to the Minister for Sport Fitness and Leisure.

The Ministry also manages the Crown's relationship with the following cultural agencies, which receive ongoing government funding in return for the provision of services, but which have not been established by statute and are not owned by the Crown:

In 2003 the government provided ongoing funding to support the work of the Antarctic Heritage Trust to undertake conservation work and planning for key historic sites in the Ross Dependency.

The Ministry manages, or assists in the management of, the Crown's relationship with other organisations in which it has an interest. These include the National War Memorial Advisory Council, which advises the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage on all matters pertaining to the memorial; the Te Māori Manaaki Taonga Trust, which supports the training of Māori in the care and display of taonga Māori, using funds ensuing from the Te Māori exhibition of the 1980s; the Pukaki Trust, which was established by the government in 2001 to ensure the care of this important taonga; and the Advertising Standards Authority.

In collaboration with Statistics New Zealand, the government’s statistics department, the Ministry has developed a framework to collect and publish cultural statistics. (See section 6, "Cultural Development".)

The portfolio of Arts, Culture and Heritage is involved in several international memberships or agreements. In addition, the Ministry serves on interdepartmental committees concerned with international relations. (See section 7, "International Cultural Co-operation".)

In addition to the Ministry, several other government departments have cultural sector responsibilities. These are as follows.

  • Archives New Zealand was established in 2000 taking over responsibility for archiving issues from National Archives which was formerly located within Department of Internal Affairs.
  • The Department of Conservation is responsible for the management and conservation of land-based cultural sites on conservation land.  (see section 2.2 below, "National cultural-sector agencies"). It also administers New Zealand’s membership of the World Heritage Convention.
  • Te Puni Kokiri advises government on all aspects of policy affecting Māori, including cultural policy. In 2000, responsibility for Māori broadcasting, including Te Māngai Pāho, was transferred from the Ministry of Economic Development  to Te Puni Kokiri.
  • The Ministry of Economic Development provides policy advice on regulatory issues in relation to broadcasting. It also provides policy advice on radio spectrum issues in relation to non-commercial broadcasting and Māori broadcasting.
    • The main legislative vehicle for managing the radio spectrum in New Zealand is the Radiocommunications Act 1989 and its associated Regulations.  New Zealand's regime for managing the radio spectrum was unique at the time of the passing of the Act in 1989.  New Zealand was the first country in the world to introduce a regime of tradable spectrum rights.  Many other countries now operate similar spectrum regimes to that pioneered in New Zealand.  The Ministry allocates spectrum for commercial purposes under this regime based on the ideal that spectrum should be allocated to those who value it most.
    • The Ministry also administers New Zealand’s intellectual property legislation, including the Copyright Act 1994.
  • The National Library of New Zealand is the official repository for all New Zealand publications.  The role of the National Library is to collect and maintain literature and information resources that relate to New Zealand and the Pacific, to make this information readily available and to preserve the documentary heritage of the country for future generations.  The Alexander Turnbull Library is a specialist area of the Library where heritage materials are preserved, and can be accessed with the assistance of curators and specialist librarians.
  • The Ministry of Education also plays an important cultural role through the development and implementation of curriculum statements. The Tertiary Education Commission funds tertiary education including the training of teachers and the funding of the Schools of Dance and Drama.  (See section 4.2, "Cultural education and training".)

2.2 National cultural-sector agencies

The following are the national cultural-sector agencies owned and/or supported by the New Zealand Government.  Unless otherwise noted, their governing boards are appointed by government.  For a list of the Acts controlling (where applicable) these agencies and other aspects of the cultural sector, see section 3.2 "Legislation".

  • The Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa (known as Creative New Zealand) is required by statute to "encourage, promote and support the arts in New Zealand for the benefit of all New Zealanders".  Creative New Zealand consists of its governing Council, and two arts boards, one of which, Te Waka Toi, supports Māori arts.  Creative New Zealand makes grants to companies, individuals and national and community projects in literature, theatre, music, opera, the visual arts, crafts, dance, multi-media and experimental film and video (and combinations of these art forms).  A Pacific Arts Committee is also included in the structure.
  • The New Zealand Film Commission is responsible for encouraging the making and distribution of New Zealand films and the development of New Zealand films.  It is not a producer of films, but supports their production through investment, and marketing; and through support for infrastructural and development initiatives.
  • The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra is New Zealand’s national, full-time professional touring orchestra.  It was part of the state broadcasting structure until 1988, when it became a limited liability company owned by the Crown. In 2004 the Orchestra became a Crown Entity. The Ministers for Arts Culture and Heritage, is responsible for the orchestra. The principal objectives of Orchestra are
    • to provide the public of New Zealand with live and recorded performances of symphonic music performed to an international standard:
    • to provide an orchestra that—
      • is highly skilled and artistically imaginative; and
      • has strong community support:
    • to be a leading New Zealand performing arts organisation with a role in the development of a distinctively New Zealand cultural environment:
    • to promote and encourage New Zealand musical composition and composers:
    • to provide performance opportunities for New Zealand musicians, whether as members of the orchestra or as soloists.
  • The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, now known as Te Papa, was established by statute in 1992, replacing the former National Museum and National Art Gallery.  Its purpose, as stated in its Act, is to "provide a forum in which the nation may present, explore, and preserve both the heritage of its cultures and knowledge of the natural environment in order to better understand the past, enrich the present and meet the challenges of the future". The public areas of the Museum are housed in a new building on the Wellington waterfront that opened to the public in February 1998.
  • The New Zealand Film Archive collects, preserves and exhibits New Zealand’s moving image heritage. The Archive is a charitable trust, independent of government.  It appoints its own Board of Trustees.
  • The job of NZ On Air is to promote and foster the development of New Zealand’s culture on the airwaves by funding locally made television programmes, public radio networks and access radio, and to promote New Zealand music by funding music videos and radio shows.  (See also section 5.3, "Broadcasting".)
  • The New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga was established by an Act of Parliament in 1954. Since 2004 it is an autonomous Crown Entity.  The Trust is governed by a Board of Trustees comprising 9 members and it has a Māori Heritage Council.  The Minister for Arts Culture and Heritage, appoints six members of the Board, including the Chair. The remaining three Board members are elected by the membership of the Trust.   The Trust has a large supporting membership. 
    • The Trust’s mission is to identify, protect and promote heritage.
  • The Māori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) was set up under the Māori Language Act 1987 to promote the use of Māori as a living language and as an ordinary means of communication both within and outside government.  Māori has the status of an official language of New Zealand.
  • Learning Media Limited produces educational publications and materials.  Learning Media’s goal is to inspire and equip children to become independent lifelong learners.  Learning Media is contracted to the New Zealand Ministry of Education to publish curriculum materials in a range of media to help teachers implement the curriculum.  Many of these materials are published in a range of languages, including six Pacific languages and in Māori.  Learning Media also publishes educational programmes for schools in other countries.
    • Learning Media became a Crown-owned company in 1993.  Shares are held by the Minister of Education and Minister of Finance.  The company is directed by a commercial board in accordance with the Companies Act 1993.
  • Te Māngai Pāho is a Crown Entity established under the Broadcasting Amendment Act 1993 in recognition of the Crown’s responsibilities regarding the Māori language and Māori culture in broadcasting
    • Te Māngai Pāho makes funding available to providers for the production of Māori language television programmes, Māori language music CD’s and to the national network of Māori radio stations.
  • TVNZ is New Zealand's biggest free-to-air broadcaster and is also the nation's public television broadcaster. It operates two channels, TVONE and TV2. The former State Owned Enterprise became a Crown Company under the Television New Zealand Act 2003. The Act split TVNZ into two entities one with responsibility for providing television programmes reflecting and fostering New Zealand’s identity and culture and the other with responsibility for transmission. Under the Act its role is to reflect and explore what it means to be a New Zealander.
    • The TVNZ Charter was enacted in 2005. It provides a guide to TVNZ’s broadcasting responsibilities – the provision of quality television that educates, informs and entertains through local home grown programming and the best of international programming.
    • Over 90% of TVNZ's revenue is gained through commercial activity such as advertising, licensing and merchandising and hiring out production resources. slightly less than 10% of revenue comes from government sources.
  • The Māori Television was founded under the Māori Television Service Act 2003 (Te Aratuku Whakaata Irirangi Māori). Passed in May 2003, the Act established the channel as a statutory corporation. The aim of Māori Television is to provide an independent, secure and successful Māori TV channel making and broadcasting programmes that make a significant contribution to the revitalisation of tikanga (customs) and reo Māori (Māori language). Under its Act the channel is required to:
    • be a high quality, cost effective television provider which informs, educates and entertains;
    • broadcast mainly in reo Māori ; and
    • have regard to the needs of children participating in immersion education and all people learning Māori .

Two Ministers of the Crown are responsible for the channel: the Minister of Māori Affairs and the Minister of Finance. 

  • Radio New Zealand is the public broadcasting organisation serving listeners throughout New Zealand.  It role is to provide comprehensive, authoritative and independent broadcasting of the highest possible standards, as detailed in the Radio NZ Charter. It is a Crown Entity, established by the Radio New Zealand Act 1995.  There are two shareholding Ministers: the Minister responsible for Radio New Zealand and the Minister of Finance. The Governor-General appoints a Board of Governors on the recommendations of the shareholding Ministers.

3. INSTRUMENTS OF CULTURAL POLICY

3.1 Financing of cultural activities

In its annual Budget the New Zealand government appropriates sums, known as Votes, to each government department.  These Votes are divided into output classes including, for those departments listed in section 2.1.  Output classes are linked to government outcomes.  (See appropriations)  In determining the total of Vote Arts, Culture and Heritage, for example, the government allocates portions that are purchased from outputs that represent the activity of Creative New Zealand, the New Zealand Film Commission, and the other agencies for which the Ministry for Culture and Heritage is responsible.

A proportion of cultural funding (currently approximately 5%) is also provided by the New Zealand Lottery Grants Board (LGB) whose statutory role is to distribute the profits of government-run national lotteries for charitable purposes.  At the request of the government the Lottery Grants Board allocates fixed percentages of its income to Creative New Zealand, the New Zealand Film Commission, the New Zealand Film Archive and Sport and Recreation New Zealand (SPARC).  In the past Lottery Grants Board grants for these agencies have been substantially greater than the funding provided to them through Vote Arts, Culture and Heritage.  Since 2000,Vote Arts Culture and Heritage funding has matched and in some cases exceeded LGB funding.

Lottery profits declined for a number of years. Since 2003 however, lottery profits have increased substantially, allaying fears that funding to these agencies from this source would be cut. The Lottery Grants Board also provides grants for cultural facilities and for cultural heritage projects.

The most consistent comparison of public expenditure on the sector across the years is provided by the New Zealand Official Yearbook, published by Statistics New Zealand.

The following tables show the total expenditure on the sector by central government (Govt, NZ on Air and the Lottery Grants Board) for the 10 years 1993/94 to 2003/04  (Source: Government Spending on Culture (2005)).

  1990/1 1991/2 1992/3 1993/4 1994/5 1995/6 1996/7
Government appropriations 248.346 277.368 287.697 333.402 412.979 420.493 402.752
NZ on Air 91.298 82.806 95.924 99.788 99.985 95.513 97.652
Lottery Grants Board 48.854 53.940 52.028 48.942 42.727 48.656 48.665
Total funding 388.498 414.114 435.649 482.132 555.691 564.662 549.069
  1997/8 1998 /9 1999 /00* 2000 /01* 2001 /02* 2002 /03* 2003 /04*
Government appropriations 420.004 425.070 594.910 604.240 606.620 657.640 782.860
NZ on Air 97.358 121.963 - - - - -
Lottery Grants Board 53.836 51.348 57.843 50.147 46.655 41.045 36.193
Total funding 571.198 598.381 652.753 654.387 653.275 698.695 819.053

*Funding to NZ On Air was through Vote Arts Culture and Heritage from 1999/2000 onwards.

Government spending on the sector increased by 74 percent between 1991/92 and 2003/04. This increase included the construction costs of the new Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa building, which peaked in 1995/96 and the cultural recovery package announced by the Labour Government in 2000 which injected an additional $80 million into the sector.

Government spending on the cultural sector as a percentage of total expenditure from 1990/91 to 2003/04 shows the following pattern:

The cultural sector’s proportion of GDP has increased every year since 1992 rising from 2.4% to an estimated 3.1% in 2003/04. 

Total figures for local government spending on arts and culture are difficult to calculate exactly as local authorities do not report their expenditure in a standardised way. In 2003/04 spending was estimated at $269 million. Spending on cultural purposes by local authorities varies significantly, depending on the extent to which a local authority has a developed cultural programme and infrastructure.  However, most local authorities provide library services and, in the larger centres, own or support museums and galleries.  (There are over 400 museums and galleries in New Zealand.  See New Zealand Museums.)  Local authorities also support community cultural activities.

The Creative Communities Scheme is funded by Creative New Zealand and provides each of New Zealand’s 74 local authorities with a base grant of $5,000 and per capita funding at $0.60 per head to support arts and cultural activities at the community level.  In 2005/06 funding totalled $2,612,000 million. The objective of the scheme is to increase participation in arts and cultural activities at the community level, increase the range and diversity of arts available to communities, and strengthen the local arts sector.

3.2 Legislation

There is no single piece of legislation relating to cultural policy.  The Ministry of Cultural Affairs (now the Ministry for Culture and Heritage) was established by Cabinet minute, rather than by legislation.  The following Acts of Parliament either have a general application to the sector or regulate aspects of the sector such as:

  • Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975,
  • Copyright Act 1994
  • Bill of Rights Act

while others establish the cultural agencies described in section 2.2.  The name of each Act includes the year of its original passing; several have had later amendments.

The Ministry has responsibilities in relation to the following Acts of Parliament:

  • ANZAC Day Act 1966
  • Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Act 1994
  • Broadcasting Act 1989 (Parts I-IV and Section 81)
  • Flags, Emblems and Names Protection Act 1981
  • Historic Places Act 1993
  • Māori Language Act 1987
  • Massey Burial Ground Act 1925
  • Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Act 1992
  • National War Memorial Act 1992
  • New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 and amendments
  • New Zealand Sports Drug Agency Act 1994
  • New Zealand Symphony Orchestra Act 2004
  • Protected Objects Act 1975
  • Radio New Zealand Act 1995
  • Seddon Family Burial Ground Act 1924
  • Sovereign's Birthday Observance Act 1952
  • Sport and recreation Act 2002
  • Waitangi Day Act 1976
  • Television New Zealand Act 2003

These Acts can be viewed on the New Zealand Legislation website

4. SECTORAL POLICIES

4.1 Cultural heritage

Central government involvement in cultural heritage is primarily through its ownership of national institutions - the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the National Library, and Archives New Zealand - and its administration of legislation such as the Historic Places Act 1993 and the Protected Objects Act 1975. Non-profit / charitable heritage institutions are eligible for Lottery Grants Board funding for projects and capital purposes, while major regional museums may also be eligible for capital grants from central government through the Regional Museums Policy for Capital Construction Projects. Local authorities also have a role in the protection of heritage buildings and sites under the Local Government Act 2002.

4.2 Cultural education and training

The Ministry of Education is responsible for education policy at all levels, including the development of a national curriculum for primary and secondary schools in disciplines related to the cultural sector. A new Arts Curriculum was introduced into New Zealand schools in 2001. Specialist training in some cultural disciplines - though not all - is provided by public universities and polytechnics, as well as by private institutions. The Tertiary Education Commission funds tertiary education including the New Zealand Schools of Dance and Drama.

The Ministry of Education’s other responsibilities include the administration of New Zealand National Commission for UNESCO.

4.3 Performing arts

Dance and theatre receive government funding through Creative New Zealand. Fifteen dance and theatre organisations received recurrent funding for their work in the 2006 calendar year. These include Playmarket, the script development agency. Many other groups, individuals and projects in these and the other performing arts receive smaller grants from Creative New Zealand in two funding rounds each year.  All grants are given in fulfillment of various objectives derived from Creative New Zealand’s statutory functions, such as the development of art forms, Māori and Pacific Island arts development, and objectives relating to access and participation.  (These strategic objectives are required by statute to be reviewed every three years.)

The Royal New Zealand Ballet is funded directly by government through the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.  Te Matatini (Aotearoa Traditional Māori Performing Arts Society) holds a biennial Kapa Haka festival, also funded through the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.

4.4 Visual and applied arts

Creative New Zealand makes grants to individual artists, galleries and visual arts and craft and design projects, as well as organisations promoting exhibitions.  It also supports residencies for visual and applied artists in major galleries and tertiary institutions in New Zealand, and internationally in Berlin, New York, New Delhi and Beijing and Samoa.  It also supports the promotion and presentation of New Zealand visual art and craft/object art nationally and internationally.  Creative New Zealand funded and managed New Zealand’s official exhibitions at the Venice Biennale in 2001, 2003 and 2005.

Major collections are held by regional galleries and museums, while the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa also collects and exhibits New Zealand art.

In 1986 Cabinet formally established the Government indemnity scheme for touring exhibitions.  This is administered by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.  The scheme was revised in 1999 to enable concurrent exhibitions and exhibitions of high value to be indemnified more readily. Indemnity is granted on the recommendation of the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage by the Minister of Finance under the provisions of the Public Finance Act 1989.

The fundamental principle of the scheme is accessibility: the government is interested in facilitating the public's access to significant exhibitions. It does this through assuming a high proportion of the risk of presenting exhibitions and thereby minimising the amount of commercial insurance that an applicant needs to purchase.

4.5 Literature

Support for literature, through Creative New Zealand, is given for particular projects to individual writers, and to publishers, both mainstream and specialised.  Two organisations are also recurrently funded, the New Zealand Book Council, and Booksellers New Zealand.  Seven writers residencies are supported in New Zealand universities, as well as a residency at the University of Hawai’i.  Creative New Zealand administers the Authors Fund through which approximately $1.5 million is distributed annually to authors in compensation for loss of royalty income due to their books being held in libraries.  Major support for writers is also available through awards and fellowships such as the Michael King fellowship and the Prime Minister’s Awards for Literature.

Cultural sector publications are also produced by the government organisations.  These include Ministry for Culture and Heritage publications such as the historical publications of History Group; the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography which is also available online and hardcopy versions of the Te Ara – the encyclopedia of New Zealand website produced by the Reference Group; and the educational publications of Learning Media Limited.

4.6 Music and opera

In 2007 Creative New Zealand funded nine music organisations on a recurrent basis.  These included three regional orchestras, one opera company, choirs, Chamber Music New Zealand, the New Zealand String Quartet and the Centre for New Zealand Music (SOUNZ) which supports New Zealand composers.  It also made smaller grants to a variety of individuals, organisations and projects.

In all the above art forms including popular music, Creative New Zealand also provides project funding for such purposes as the commissioning of new work, the promotion of New Zealand work nationally and internationally, and the establishment or maintenance of artists residencies.

The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra (NZSO), owned and funded directly by government, is a fully professional touring orchestra of 95 players.  NZSO players are also involved in other, smaller ensembles, the most significant of which is The New Zealand Chamber Orchestra.  The NZSO also administers the National Youth Orchestra.

5. CULTURAL INDUSTRIES

5.1 Book publishing

New Zealand has a vigorous book publishing industry that caters not only for the local market but also, particularly in the case of educational books, for an increasing number of overseas purchasers.  Educational publishing accounts for approximately 65 percent of titles exported by New Zealand publishers. 

The estimated annual turnover of the book New Zealand book publishing industry in 2002 was $204 million with $19 million coming from exports through New Zealand ports, $93 million from New Zealand published books printed overseas and $4 million from the sale of rights and royalties. There are over 600 publishers in New Zealand nearly two thirds of whom are sole operators.

According to library sources in 2005 4,536 titles were published. These included publications from specialist book publishers, government departments, local bodies, historical societies, business organisations, special interest groups and individuals.

The first New Zealand Book Month was held in September 2006. With seed funding from government, booksellers, publishers, authors and illustrators took part in the month long campaign the celebrate New Zealand books and New Zealand writers. The Book Council managed a series of nationwide events throughout the month. It is proposed to hold the event annually,

New Zealand households spent $6 million or an average of $3,90 per household per week on books in the year ended June 2004. (Source: Household Spending on Culture (2006))

The Book Publishers Association of New Zealand (BPANZ) represents the wide-ranging interests of its members, such as export, copyright concerns, training and professional standards.  A key focus of Booksellers New Zealand is book promotion, and increasing the sales of books.  They manage New Zealand's book awards, recognising excellence in writing and publishing; nationwide events, promoting the enjoyment and importance of reading books; and actively develop opportunities for exposing books through television, radio and the print media. With the Book Publishers Association they maintain a New Zealand presence at international bookfairs.

See also "Literature", section 4.5 above.

For more information about New Zealand’s Book Publishing Industry see

Exports of New Zealand Published Books

NZ Book publishing industry development issues

5.2 Press

Newspapers and magazines

  • Daily newspapers. New Zealand has a high number of daily newspapers in relation to its population size.  In 2006 there were 20 daily newspapers, of which 16 were evening papers, nearly all of them published in provincial towns and cities.  Of the 7 morning dailies, the Auckland-based 'New Zealand Herald' has the largest audited net circulation at 196,182 copies daily.  The largest provincial paper is Hamilton's 'Waikato Times' with an audited net circulation of 42,104.  Other daily newspapers have circulations ranging from about 3,500 (the Oamaru Mail) to 98,256 ( Wellington’s Dominion Post). The majority of the country's daily papers are owned by two major publishing groups, APN New Zealand Limited and Fairfax Media. Between them, these two groups now account for the major proportion of New Zealand's aggregate daily newspaper circulation. On a typical day more than 51 percent of New Zealand households purchase a newspaper.

Total weekly household spending on newspapers amounted to $2.9 million or a weekly

average of $1.90 per household for the year ended June 2004. (Source: Household Spending on Culture, 2006)

  • Sunday newspapers . In 2006 there were three Sunday newspapers, 'Sunday Star Times' and 'Sunday News', and the ‘Herald on Sunday’. The 'Sunday Star Times' is a broadsheet and circulates 190,804 copies every Sunday. The other two have circulations of over 90,000 each week.
  • Community newspapers . There are approximately 126 community newspapers in New Zealand of which the great majority are tabloid.  Many of these community papers are owned by the two big newspaper publishing groups but some are owned by individuals, families or by small companies.

Magazines

There are over 4,700 magazines available in New Zealand on a regular basis, 700 of which are published in New Zealand.  Of these 230 are listed with the New Zealand Audit Bureau of Circulations as being published in New Zealand or as New Zealand editions.   Of these, 19 are published weekly, 5 fortnightly, 83 are published monthly and 38 in alternate months. Skywatch (Sky TV programming) has the largest circulation (273,300) followed by New Zealand Women’s Day (149,617)

Total spending on magazines in 2006 was $5.07 million per week (Source: Magazine Publishers Association).

5.3 Broadcasting

Broadcasting Policy

Public Broadcasting Programme of Action

In 2004, the government released Building a Strong and Sustainable Public Broadcasting Environment for New Zealand - A Programme of Action . It is designed to build on the government's earlier policy initiatives and to future-proof a balanced mix of public and commercial broadcasting in New Zealand . The Programme’s goals are to:

  • reflect public broadcasting principles (universality, diversity, independence, quality)
  • strengthen public broadcasting as a key element in the broadcasting “mixed economy”
  • maintain a healthy private broadcasting and production sector
  • provide a foundation for community and regional broadcasting.

The document outlines six priorities to guide public broadcasting policy development over the next six years. These priorities are:

  • achieving adequacy and certainty of public funding for broadcasting
  • strengthening public broadcasting
  • facilitating the successful development of digital broadcasting services
  • enhancing regional and community broadcasting
  • enhancing independence and responsibility in broadcasting
  • enhancing the incentives for producing higher-quality content and schedules

Each priority contains a range of proposals to be investigated as the programme unfolds over the next six years.

http://www.mch.govt.nz/publications/public-broadcasting/index.html

Regional and Community Broadcasting Framework

In 2006 the Government agreed a new policy framework for regional and community broadcasting, to enable a range of broadcasting services, content and formats for regional, local and community and minority audiences including ethnic minorities, communities of interest and students. The Framework is a set of objectives for government in future policy development to:

  • Promote local broadcasting services (local broadcasting);
  • Promote innovation and a diverse range of content and formats for different audience identities and interests (diversity);
  • Facilitate wide technical, cultural and social access to broadcasting (accessibility); and
  • Provide for long term developments affecting broadcasting (future-proofing).

The detail will be developed with new operational policies (such as eligibility criteria for the new local licences) or with amendments to existing policy. The Framework provides scope for new local commercial broadcasters, as well as non-commercial broadcasters. The Crown has reserved AM and FM radio frequencies and UHF television frequencies throughout the country for use by non-commercial broadcasters, restricted to non-profit activities. Additional FM frequencies have also been set aside for local commercial radio.

http://www.mch.govt.nz/publications/community-broadcasting/index.html

Digital Broadcasting

In 2006, the government announced decisions paving the way for the launch of free-to-air digital television in New Zealand in 2008, thus beginning a 6-10 year transition towards an eventual switch-off of analogue signals. At the same time, a cost-benefit report by Spectrum Strategy Consultants on the launch of digital free-to-air television in New Zealand was released.   

Support is to be provided for a combination satellite and digital terrestrial transmission system, managed by BCL and delivered by a consortium of broadcasters known as FreeView. Government support will be in the form of funding of $25 million for the FreeView transmission platform over five years, and an allocation of digital terrestrial spectrum without charge during the transition to analogue switch-off. These offers were confirmed and licence renewal policies extended by further Cabinet decisions taken in October 2006.

Also in 2006, the government announced its decision to support the launch of two new TVNZ digital channels (known as TVNZ News 24 and TVNZ Home) with total funding of $79 million to be allocated over the next six years. http://www.mch.govt.nz/publications/digital-tv/index.html

Spectrum Policy

Since the broadcasting reforms of 1988-89, the number of registered radio frequencies has increased substantially.  The Radio Communications Act 1989 established a market-based system for spectrum management, with up to 20-year tradeable spectrum access rights.  Such rights not only encourage investment in spectrum use, but also provide for situations where a number of users are possible.

Spectrum access rights are allocated by auction (aside from those set aside for allocation by other means, e.g. for non-commercial, Maori, and public broadcasting, and for the transition to free-to-air digital television).  The registration of licences following allocation establishes the tradeable right that is recorded in a publicly accessible register. An annual administration fee is payable to the Ministry of Economic Development by all registered licence holders.

Most of the currently available UHF television, FM sound radio and AM sound radio frequencies have now been allocated.  Additional licences are created, where technically possible, and allocated when there is demand for them.  Information on past and future auctions can be found on the MED website.  http://auction.med.govt.nz .

Local content

In 2002 a voluntary Code of Practice was adopted by the Radio Broadcasters Association.  This is aimed at raising the local music content to an average of 20% across commercial radio formats within 5 years.  The Television Local Content Group has also adopted targets for local content on free-to-air television.

Television broadcasting

Television New Zealand

The Television New Zealand Act 2003 transformed Television New Zealand (TVNZ) from a State-owned enterprise to a Crown company with public service objectives embodied in its Charter . Giving TVNZ a Charter explicitly embodying a public service mandate for TVNZ, and requiring public consultation, changed not only the nature of the publicly owned television company, but also more generally the broadcasting landscape as a whole. The government has acknowledged this change in recent funding decisions, by granting direct funding to TVNZ for Charter purposes, including in areas for which NZ On Air funding is not normally available, such as the purchase of overseas programmes, or expenditure unrelated to individual programmes.

TVNZ currently operates two national channels (TV ONE and TV2), and has several subsidiary companies.  TVNZ broadcasts are accessible by almost 100 percent coverage of the New Zealand population.  Its channels broadcast 24 hours a day, seven days a week.  TVNZ also broadcasts a news service to the Pacific, and operates a captioning service available via Teletext.

As noted earlier, TVNZ is to launch two additional advertising-free services on the FreeView digital television platform, with government funding support for the first six years. www.tvnz.co.nz

Māori Television

Māori Television was founded under the Māori Television Service Act 2003 (Te Aratuku Whakaata Irirangi Māori). Passed in May 2003, the act established the channel as a statutory corporation. Under the Act the channel should:

  • be a high quality, cost effective television provider which informs, educates and entertains
  • broadcast mainly in reo Māori
  • have regard to the needs of children participating in immersion education and all people learning Māori .

Commercial Television

SKY Television was New Zealand's first pay television network.  It began broadcasting in May 1990.  Currently SKY delivers programmes on seven channels through terrestrial UHF signal and many channels via digital satellite. HT Media’s TV Works delivers TV3 and C4 channels. TelstraSatrun delivers subscription cable television in Wellington, Kapiti, and Christchurch.

FreeView

As noted earlier, in 2006 the government announced support for the establishment of a free-to-air digital television platform, known as FreeView. FreeView is a consortium of Television New Zealand, HT Media TV Works, Maori Television, and Radio New Zealand, and will broadcast via both satellite and terrestrial transmission systems.

Regional Television

A number of small regional commercial and non-commercial television services operate around the country, providing a mix of programmes, from music to local and international news, community access, and tourist and entertainment services.

Radio broadcasting

Radio New Zealand

State-owned radio has provided both commercial and public radio services to New Zealand since the early 1930s.  Private radio emerged in the late 1960s.

Radio New Zealand Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa is New Zealand's public radio broadcaster consisting of:

  • Three non-commercial radio networks: National, Concert and the AM Network.
  • A shortwave service (broadcasting to the Pacific in analogue and digital): Radio New Zealand International.
  • A news service: Radio New Zealand News and Current Affairs.
  • Sound Archives/Ngā Taonga Kōrero.  

Radio New Zealand also provides extensive services via its website: www.radionz.co.nz

Pacific Island Radio

Niu FM, operated by the National Pacific Radio Trust, broadcasts on a nationwide network of reserved frequencies in the upper FM band capable of eventually providing coverage of approximately 85% of New Zealand's population. The network receives government funding, and was recently merged with Auckland station 531PI. Capital Samoan Radio in Wellington broadcasts part-time on the same frequency as Wellington Access service. www.niufm.com

 

Māori Radio

The Crown's primary interest in Māori radio is the role it can play in the regeneration of the Māori language. It also has a major influence in increasing the amount of popular music in Māori, further heightening interests of young Māori to learn Māori. Iwi radio stations were established between 1989-1994 with NZ on Air as the lead Crown Agency. Te Māngai Pāho assumed responsibility for funding all stations in 1995. Currently there are 21 Iwi radio stations. Māori radio service coverage extends to approximately 80% of the total Māori population. 

Commercial radio

There are over 200 hundred commercial radio stations in New Zealand.  The majority of these are Radioworks controlled by HTMedia and The Radio Network,

Access and community radio stations

Access and community radio stations operating on reserved frequencies provide air time on a non-profit basis to a range of minority groups in the community.  In 2006 there were 11access radio stations operating in New Zealand. There are also a number of student radio stations, and radio services for remote communities.

Funding Agencies

The subsidy of broadcast content is delivered through a combination of direct and arm's length mechanisms. The bulk of subsidised programmes on the main free-to-air channels continues to be funded on a contestable basis by NZ On Air and Te Māngai Pāho, but TVNZ now also receives funding directly via the Ministry for Culture and Heritage for a portion of its Charter-related expenditure. Radio New Zealand is bulk-funded for its two domestic networks through a contract with NZ On Air, in accordance with a ministerial directive.

New Zealand On Air

The Broadcasting Act 1989 established the Broadcasting Commission (NZ On Air).  It provided for election broadcasting and restricted the scope for political intervention in the management or programming of TVNZ or RNZ.  Limits on overseas shareholdings in New Zealand broadcasting companies were removed in 1991.

The role of the Broadcasting Commission (NZ On Air): Irirangi te Motu is to promote cultural and social objectives in broadcasting and other activities unlikely to receive sufficient commercial provision.  Its statutory objectives are to:

  • Reflect and develop New Zealand identity and culture by promoting programmes about New Zealand and New Zealand interests and promoting Mäori language and culture.
  • Maintain and, where considered appropriate, extend television and radio coverage to New Zealand communities that otherwise would not receive a commercially viable signal.
  • Ensure that a range of programmes is available to provide for the interests of women, children, people with disabilities and other minorities, including ethnic minorities.
  • Encourage the establishment and operation of archives of programmes that are likely to be of historical interest in New Zealand.

NZ On Air fulfils these objectives by providing funds for broadcasting, production of programmes and archiving of programmes.  Since July 2000 this funding has come from general taxation.  Previously the Public Broadcasting Fee was levied on each household with a television set.

www.nzonair.govt.nz

 

Te Māngai Pāho

Te Māngai Pāho, the Māori broadcasting funding agency, was established by the Broadcasting Amendment Act 1993 to provide funding to promote Māori language and culture through broadcasting.  Te Māngai Pāho’s purchase decisions are guided by the Government Māori Language Strategy Policy objectives:

  • To increase the number of people who know the Māori language by increasing their opportunities to learn Māori.
  • To improve the proficiency levels of people in speaking Māori, listening to Māori, reading Māori and writing Māori.
  • To increase the opportunities to use Māori by increasing the number of situations where Māori can be used.
  • To increase the rate at which the Māori language develops so that it can be used for the full range of modern activities.
  • To foster amongst Māori and Non- Māori positive attitudes towards and accurate beliefs and positive values about the Māori language so that Māori-English bilingualism becomes a valued part of New Zealand society

www.tmp.govt.nz

Broadcasting Standards

Since the late 1980s New Zealand has shown a preference for industry co-regulation on the basis of statutory provisions in the Broadcasting Act 1989. Broadcast programme and advertising content standards are regulated via industry codes by the Broadcasting Standards Authority and the non-statutory Advertising Standards Authority. Historically there has been an emphasis on the complaints and enforcement roles of the regulatory agencies. There is also provision for the BSA to fulfill an educational function in relation to standards.

www.bsa.govt.nz

www.asa.co.nz

 (Also see section 2.2, "National cultural-sector agencies").

5.4 Sound recording industry

Sound recording in New Zealand is largely a private-sector activity.  However, NZ On Air supports the production of popular music videos, promotional CDs of new releases for radio stations, and other forms of promotion.  Creative New Zealand makes grants for recording projects in a variety of genres.

The New Zealand Music Commission (NZMC) was established in 2000. A government funded agency, NZMC is committed to growing NZ music business, both at home and overseas.

Domestically the NZMC runs seminar events - such as Resonate (featuring UK music professionals) and Warrant of Fitness (featuring ex-pat New Zealand music industry practitioners) It works with the Ministry of Education to support the secondary school music curriculum and coordinate band mentoring in schools. It is also one of the key organizations behind the annual NZ Music Month programme.

NZMC’s international scheme ‘Outward Sound’ focuses primarily on international music market development and works with individual artists’ business managers. The NZMC’s international programme also includes coordinating the NZ presence at two key offshore events – the MIDEM trade fair in Cannes, France, and the South By Southwest conference in Austin, Texas.

In the year ended June 2004, 204,400 New Zealand households reported spending on music. Spending on compact discs, at $114 million, was the single largest expenditure item under the music category. This accounted for about 60 percent of the total aggregate annual household expenditure on music. (Source: Household Spending on Culture 2005)

5.5 Cinema and film industry

Major growth in New Zealand’s screen industry sector occurred in recent years. The Lord of the Rings trilogy was the most high profile production but other films contributed to the strong growth in employment in motion picture production. According to census data, the number of people employed in film and video production in 2001 was double that of 1996. (Source: Employment in the Cultural Sector (2005))

In 2005/06 the first official annual survey of the New Zealand screen industry was undertaken by Statistics New Zealand. The survey showed that there were 2,058 businesses comprising the screen industry of which over 90% were engaged in production or postproduction. The majority of screen businesses are located in Auckland and Wellington.

In 2005 the industry recorded a gross revenue of $2.6 million. (Source: Screen Industry in New Zealand 2005.) The second report will be published in October 2007.

Engaging with/watching film and video as a cultural activity has increased in popularity in New Zealand. The number of households reporting expenditure increased from 340,900 for the year ended June 2001 to 463,700 for 2003/04, (there was also an increase in the proportion of households reporting expenditure on film and video from 24 percent to 31 percent during the same period). The overall aggregate household expenditure on film and video jumped by 94 percent– from $182 million in 2000/01 to $353 million in 2003/04. ((Source: Household Spending on Culture 2005)

The New Zealand Film Commission's role is 'to encourage and participate and assist in the making, promotion, distribution and exhibition of films' made in New Zealand by New Zealanders on New Zealand subjects.  It does this by providing loans and equity financing, being active in the sales and marketing of New Zealand films, and assisting with training and professional development within the industry.  In the almost 30 years since the Film Commission was established, over 216 features have been made in New Zealand, more than 118 of them with Film Commission finance. Since 2000, 65 features have been made in New Zealand. ( New Zealand feature films.)

Budgeted expenditure was $26.6 million in the 2005/06 financial years.  In 2000 the government allocated $22 million towards the establishment of a new feature film production fund – The Film Fund. Six feature films were funded in partnership with this fund in 2005/06.

Creative New Zealand and the Commission also jointly make grants in the field of experimental and innovative film and video through the Screen Innovation Production Fund.

Co-production agreements

New Zealand currently has seven bilateral co-production agreements or arrangements, with: Australia (1986), Canada (1987), France (1987), United Kingdom (1993), Italy (1997 revised 2004), Singapore (2004) and Germany (2005). New Zealand also has non-binding arrangements on co-operation in the audiovisual industries with the People’s Republic of China (2005), and Korea (2005).

Film co-production agreements allow approved projects to gain status as official co-productions, entitling them to the benefits accorded national films in each of the co-producers’ countries.  Benefits include access to film financing and incentives within the existing legislation of each country, and government facilitation such as temporary immigration for nationals of the other country and temporary entry of equipment. In New Zealand the main benefit accruing to national films is qualification for financial assistance pursuant to section 18 of the New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978.

6. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Cultural Statistics

The Ministry for Culture and Heritage and Statistics New Zealand are engaged in an ongoing joint project to improve the quality of the statistical information available on the New Zealand cultural sector.  The first publication, New Zealand Framework for Cultural Statistics Te Anga Tatauranga Tikanga-ā-Iwi o Aotearoa, was published in 1995.  It defines the cultural sector and activities, and categorises them into nine major sections, each with data specifications.

New Zealand Cultural Statistics 1995 Ngā Tatauranga Whakapuaki Tuariki o Aotearoa was New Zealand’s first comprehensive presentation of cultural statistics.  It used the framework categories to present statistics on cultural workers, cultural organisations, cultural goods and services and cultural consumers.  It also identified gaps and deficiencies in existing data sources.

In 1996 Household Spending on Culture Ngā Whakapaunga Moni a-Kainga ki ngā Mahi Whakapuaki Tuakiri focused on a segment of cultural consumption, by gathering data on the spending of private households on the consumption of cultural goods and services. This report was updated as part of the Measure of Culture report in 2003 and again in 2006

In 1998 Employment in the Cultural Sector was released.  Based on the 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings this report provides information on employment patterns and trends in the sector.  Employment in the Cultural Sector also outlines the age, sex, occupation, educational background and ethnicity of these workers. This report was updated in 2005 using 2001 census data.

Government Spending on Culture was released in 2000.  This report examines the amount spent by both local and central government to enhance New Zealanders access to cultural goods and services from 1990 to 1999. A second report updating government spending to 2004 and was released in 2005

In 2002 the first specially commissioned survey in the cultural statistics programme was undertaken. Funded through the Cross Departmental Research Pool, the survey asked New Zealanders about their cultural experiences - whether they had experienced various cultural activities over either a four-week or 12-month period.  It also asked how often they had experienced these activities, how interested they were in New Zealand content in each activity, and whether any barriers had prevented them from experiencing these activities at all or more often. The report, A Measure of Culture, was released in 2003. This report also contains an update on Household Spending on Culture. 

Data from the Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics New Zealand from July 1998 to June 1999 was released in 2004 as Time for Culture.

In 1994 and 1997, the Ministry also commissioned surveys on New Zealanders attitudes towards culture.  These are published in a series entitled How Important is Culture?

When the Cultural Statistics Programme was established in 1993, the production of a report which brought together key indicators for the cultural sector was identified as a priority. In 2006, the programme released Cultural Indicators for New Zealand. This report presents, for the first time, a set of cultural indicators. In addition to its benefits in terms of policy development, the establishment of a set of robust cultural indicators ensures that debates about the cultural sector’s value and contribution to New Zealand society can take place in the context of greater knowledge and understanding than at present. They also allow the ‘health’ of the sector to be monitored over time. While the indicators presented in this report are high-level sectoral indicators, they are also intended to reflect the broad outcomes that the government seeks to achieve for the cultural sector as a whole.

6.2 Cultural Well-being

The Ministry led an eighteen month programme (to June 2006), working closely with local government and other central agencies to increase awareness and understanding of ‘cultural well-being’ as a purpose of local government. Promotion of cultural well-being as a requirement of local authorities was introduced into the Local Government Act 2002. While the Act did not define the term “cultural well-being”, its inclusion reflects local government’s long-standing interest in, funding of, and impact on, cultural activity. The Ministry’s programme aimed to promote understanding of the inter-relationship of cultural well-being with economic, social and environmental well-being and to foster better alignment among central government agencies in the ways they work with local government to promote all four well-beings.

7. INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL CO-OPERATION

7.1 Cultural Diplomacy International Programme

The Cultural Diplomacy International Programme aims to help establish and/or maintain a New Zealand cultural presence in key overseas regions or countries to boost New Zealand’s profile and economic, trade, tourism, diplomatic and cultural interests.

The Programme's objectives are to: project in targeted settings a distinctive profile of New Zealand as a creative and diverse society with a unique, contemporary culture strongly rooted in its diverse heritage; and to enhance understanding of and engagement with New Zealand among government and business leaders in target regions.

The initial three year (to June 2007) priority region is Asia, especially China, Japan and Korea.

7.1 Other Cultural Activity

New Zealand has formal government-to-government cultural agreements with France and Italy.  The agreement with France resulted in the establishment of a France/New Zealand Mixed Cultural, Scientific, Technical and Education Commission.

New Zealand has an informal cultural agreement with the People’s Republic of China to facilitate cultural exchanges.

Its participation in the four-yearly Pacific Arts Festival is overseen by a governmental committee, including the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.

The New Zealand Japan Exchange Programme, which fosters educational contacts between the two countries, and the Japan Exchange and Teaching Scheme also have a cultural component.

New Zealand ’s Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage is a member of the Australian Cultural Ministers Council, a forum that enables the Australian cultural Ministers - federal, state and territories - to meet annually and discuss policy issues.

New Zealand is an active member of UNESCO, whose New Zealand office is based in the Ministry of Education; New Zealand is currently on the executive board.  New Zealand is also a member of the UNESCO-affiliated International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM).

New Zealand has five film co-production agreements with other countries.  Agreements with the United Kingdom, Canada and Italy are at the government-to-government level, while the New Zealand Film Commission has entered into agreements with its equivalents in France and Australia.  The five agreements allow for bilateral public investment (usually with the participation of third parties) in film investment.

8. ADDRESSES

8.1 Government departments

MINISTRY FOR CULTURE AND HERITAGE
PO Box 5364
Wellington
Tel: 499 4229
Fax: 499 4490
Web site: http://www.mch.govt.nz

MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
P O Box 1473
Wellington
Phone: (04) 472-0030
Fax: (04) 473 4638
Web site: http://www.med.govt.nz

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
Box 10-420
Wellington
Tel: (04) 471 0726
Fax: 04) 471 1082
Web site: http://www.doc.govt.nz

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
Private Box 1666
Wellington
Tel: (04) 463 8000
Fax: (04) 493 8001
Web site: http://www.minedu.govt.nz

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS
P O Box 805
Wellington
Phone: (04) 495-7200
Fax: (04) 495-7222
Web site: http://www.dia.govt.nz

NATIONAL LIBRARY
P O Box 1467
Wellington
Phone: (04) 474-3000
Fax: (04) 474-3035
Web site: http://www.natlib.govt.nz

ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY
PO Box 12 349
Wellington
Phone: 04 474 3000
Fax: 04 474 3063
Email: atl@natlib.govt.nz

STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND
PO Box 2922
Wellington
Phone: (04) 931-4600
Fax: (04) 931-4610
Web site: http://www.stats.govt.nz

TE PUNI KOKIRI
PO Box 3943
Wellington
Phone: (04) 819 6000
Fax: (04) 819 6299
Web site: http://www.tpk.govt.nz

8.2 National Agencies and Institutions

CREATIVE NEW ZEALAND
P O Box 3806
Wellington
Phone: (04) 473-0880
Fax: (04) 471-2865
Web site: http://www.creativenz.govt.nz
Email: info@creativenz.govt.nz

LEARNING MEDIA LTD
PO Box 3293
Wellington
Phone: (04) 472 5522
Fax: (04) 472 6444
Web site: http://www.learningmedia.co.nz
Email: info@learningmedia.co.nz

TE MĀNGAI PĀHO
PO Box 10-004
Wellington
Tel: (04) 915 0700
Fax: (04) 915 0701
Email:  Webconnect@tmp.govt.nz
Web site:http://www.tmp.govt.nz

MĀORI LANGUAGE COMMISSION: Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori
P O Box 411
Wellington
Phone: (04) 471-0244
Fax: (04) 471-2768
Web site: http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz

ARCHIVES NEW ZEALAND
P O Box 12-050
Wellington
Phone: (04) 499-5595
Fax: (04) 495-6210

Email: info@archives.govt.nz
Web site: http://www.archives.govt.nz

NZ FILM ARCHIVE
P O Box 11-449
Wellington
Phone: (04) 384-7647
Fax: (04) 382-9595

Email: info@filmarchive.org.nz
Web site: http://www.filmarchive.org.nz

NZ FILM COMMISSION
P O Box 11-546
Wellington
Phone: (04) 382 7680
Fax: (04) 384-9719
Web site: http://www.nzfilm.co.nz

NZ HISTORIC PLACES TRUST
P O Box 2629
Wellington
Phone: (04) 472-4341
Fax: (04) 499-0669
Web site: http://www.historic.org.nz

NZ LOTTERY GRANTS BOARD
Department of Internal Affairs
PO Box 805
Wellington
Phone: (04) 0800 824 824 / (04) 495 7200
Fax: (04) 495 7225
Website:  http://www.dia.govt.nz

NZ ON AIR
P O Box 9744
Wellington
Phone: (04) 382-9524
Fax: (04) 382-9546
Email: info@nzonair.govt.nz

Web site: http://www.nzonair.govt.nz

NZ SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA LIMITED
P O Box 6640
Wellington
Phone: (04) 801 3891
Fax: (04) 801 3851
Email: info@nzso.co.nz

Web site: http://www.nzso.co.nz/

TE PAPA MUSEUM OF NZ
PO Box 467
Wellington
Phone: (04) 381 7000
Fax: (04) 381 7070
Email: mail@tepapa.govt.nz

Web site: http://www.tepapa.govt.nz

8.3 Selected national organisations and associations

ARANZ (ARCHIVES & RECORDS ASSOCIATION OF NZ)
P O Box 11-553
Manners Street
Wellington
Phone: (04) 499 5595

ARTISTS ALLIANCE
Auckland
(09) 376 7285
(09) 307 7645
Email: info@artistsalliance.org.nz

Website: http://www.artistsalliance.org.nz

AUSTRALASIAN PERFORMING RIGHTS ASSOCIATION LTD
P.O. Box 6315
Wellesley Street
Auckland 1141
Phone: (09) 623 2173
Fax: (09) 6232174
Web site: http://www.apra.com.au

BOOK PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND
PO Box 36-477
Auckland
Phone:  (09) 480 2711
Fax:  (09) 480 1130
Email: bpanz@copyright.org.nz
Website:  http://www.bpanz.org.nz

CHAMBER MUSIC NEW ZEALAND
Freepost 78559
P O Box 6238
Wellington
Phone: (04) 384-6133
Fax: (04) 384-3773

Email: info@chambermusic.co.nz
Website: http://www.chambermusic.co.nz

COPYRIGHT COUNCIL/ Copyright Licensing Ltd
PO Box 36-477
Northcote
Auckland
Phone:  (09) 480 2711
 Fax:  (09) 480 1130
Website:  http://www.copyright.org.nz

DANCE AOTEAROA NZ LTD (DANZ)
PO Box 9885
Wellington
Phone: (04) 801 9885
Fax: (04) 801 9883
Email: danz@danz.org.nz
Web site: http://www.danz.org.nz

COUNCIL FOR THE HUMANITIES TE WHAINGA ARONUI
PO Box 10 693
Wellington
Website:  http:// www. humanities.org.nz

MUSEUMS AOTEAROA
P O Box 10 928
Wellington
Phone: (04) 499-1313
Fax: (04) 499 6313
Email: mail@museums-aotearoa.org.nz

Web site:  www.museums-aotearoa.org.nz

NZ BOOK COUNCIL
69 Boulcott Street
Wellington
Phone: (04) 499-1569
Fax: (04) 499-1424
Web site: http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz

NZ BOOKSELLERS ASSOCIATION
P O Box 11-377
Wellington
Phone: (04) 478 5511
Fax: (04) 4785519
Web site: http://www.booksellers.co.nz

NZ CARTOON ARCHIVE
P O Box 12-349
Wellington
Phone: (04) 474-3000
Fax: (04) 474 3063
Website:  http://www.cartoons.org.nz

NZ CENTRE FOR PHOTOGRAPHY
P O Box 5365
Wellington
Phone: (04) 934 3590
Email: centrephoto@clear.net.nz
Web site http://nzcp.wellington.net.nz

NZ DRAMA SCHOOL: TOI WHAKAARI
11 Hutchinson Road
Newtown
Wellington
Phone: (04) 381 9251
Fax: (04) 389 4996
drama@nzdrama.school.nz

www.toiwhakaari.ac.nz

NZ INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL OF THE ARTS
P O Box 10-113
Wellington
Phone: (04) 473-0149
Fax: (04) 471-1164

Email: nzfestival@festival.co.nz
Web site: http://www.nzfestival.telecom.co.nz

LIBRARY AND INFORMATION  ASSOCIATION  OF NEW ZEALAND
P O Box 12-212
Wellington North
Phone (04) 473-5834
Fax:  (04) 4991480

Email: office@lianza.org.nz
Web site: http://www.lianza.org.nz

NZ MUSIC CENTRE (SOUNZ)
P O Box 10-042
Wellington
Phone: (04) 801 8602
Fax: (04) 801 8604
Web site: http://www.sounz.org.nz
Email:  info@sounz.org.nz

NZ ORAL HISTORY ARCHIVE
c/- Alexander Turnbull Library
P O Box 12-349
Wellington
Phone: (04) 474-3000
Fax: (04) 474-3063
Web site:  http://www.natlib.govt.nz/

NZ SCHOOL OF DANCE
PO Box 7146
Wellington South
Phone: (04) 381 9252

Fax: (04) 389 4996
Email:  dance@nzschooldance.org.nz

Website: http://www.nzschooldance.org.nz

NZ SOCIETY OF AUTHORS (PEN NZ INC)
PO Box 67-013
Auckland
Phone/Fax : (09) 379 4801

Email: office@nzauthors.org.nz
Website:  http://www.authors.org.nz

NZ STRING QUARTET
P O Box 9121
Wellington
Ph (04) 499 8883
Fax (04) 499 0886
Email nzsq@nzsq.co.nz
Web Site http://www.nzsq.co.nz

NGA PUNA WAIHANGA / NZ MĀORI ARTISTS & WRITERS
P O Box 25
Whanganui
Phone:  (06) 835 8139 (Chairperson), (06)-348 0861 (Secretary)
Fax  (06) 835 1469 (Chairperson), (06)-348 0861 (Secretary)

PLAYMARKET
P O Box 9767
Phone: (04) 382-8462
Fax: (04) 382 8461
Email info@playmarket.org.nz
Web site: http://www.playmarket.org.nz

PromPT
Chair, PomPT
c/- Taki Rua Productions
PO Box 24-167
Wellington
Ph: (04) 472 7377
Email: takirua@clear.net.nz

RADIO NEW ZEALAND (incl National Radio and Concert FM)
PO Box 123
Wellington
Phone: (04) 474-1999
Fax: (04) 474 1459
Web site: http://www.radionz.co.nz

RECORDING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND
Private Bag 78850
Grey Lynn
Auckland
Phone: (09) 360 5085
Fax: (09) 360 5086
Email:  Music@rianz.org.nz
Web site:  http://www.rianz.org.nz/

ROYAL NEW ZEALAND BALLET
P.O. Box 27 050
Wellington
Phone: (04) 381-9000 / 0800 432 623
Fax: (04) 381-9003
Email:  inquiry@nzballet.org.nz

Website: http://www.nzballet.org.nz

SCREEN PRODUCERS AND DIRECTORS ASSOCIATION
PO Box 9567
WELLINGTON
Phone: (04) 939 6934
Fax: (04) 939 6935

Email: info@spada.co.nz
Web site: http://www.spada.co.nz

8.4 Selected major regional institutions

ARATOI
Bruce Street
MASTERTON
Phone: (06) 370 0001
Fax: (06) 370 0003

Website: http://www.aratoi.org.nz

AUCKLAND ART GALLERY
PO Box 5449
Wellesley Street

AUCKLAND
Phone: (09) 307 7700
Fax: (09) 302 1096
Web site: http://www.aucklandartgallery.govt.nz

AUCKLAND INSTITUTE & MUSEUM
Private Bag 92018
Auckland
Phone: (09) 309-0443
Fax: (09) 306 7065

Website: http://www.aucklandmuseum.com

AUCKLAND PHILHARMONIA
P O Box 56-024
Auckland
Auckland
Phone: (09) 638-7073
Fax: (09) 630-9687

Email: ap@aucklandphil.co.nz
Website:  http://www.akl-phil.co.nz/

CANTERBURY MUSEUM
Rolleston Avenue
Christchurch
Phone / Fax: (03) 366-5000

Website: http://www.canterburymuseum.com

CHRISTCHURCH ART GALLERY
P O Box 2626
Christchurch
Phone: (03) 941-7300
Fax: (03) 941-7301
Email:artgallery@ccc.govt.nz
Web Site: www.christchurchartgallery.org.nz

CITY ART GALLERY
P O Box 2199
Civic Square
Wellington
Phone: (04)801-3021
Fax: (04) 801-3950
Email:  citygallery@wmt.org.nz
Web site: http://www.city-gallery.org.nz

THE DOWSE
P O Box 30 396
Lower Hutt 6315
Ph 64-4-570 6500
Fax 64-4-569 5877
Email contact@huttcity.govt.nz
Web Site http://www.dowse.org.nz

DUNEDIN PUBLIC ART GALLERY
P O Box 566
Dunedin
Ph 64-3-474 3240
Fax 64-3-474 3250
Email dapgmail@dcc.govt.nz
Web Site http://www.dunedin.art.museum

EASTERN SOUTHLAND GALLERY
P.O. Box 305
GORE
Phone: (03) 208 9907
Fax: (03) 208 1210

GOVETT-BREWSTER ART GALLERY
Private Bag 2025
New Plymouth
Ph (06)  759 6060
Fax (06) 758 0390
Email: mail@govettbrewster.com
Web Site: http://www.govettbrewster.com

NBR NEW ZEALAND OPERA
NZP Box 6478
Wellesley Street
Auckland
Ph (09) 379 4020
Fax (09) 379 4066
Email: info@nzopera.co.nz
Web Site: http://www.nzopera.com/

NELSON PROVINCIAL MUSEUM
P.O. Box 853
NELSON
Phone: (03) 548 9588

Email: enquiries@museumnp.org.nz
Website: www.museumnp.org.nz

OTAGO MUSEUM
PO Box 6202
Dunedin North
Phone: (03) 474 7474
Fax: (03) 477 5993

Email: mail@otagomuseum.govt.nz

Website: http://www.otagomuseum.govt.nz

PUKE ARIKI
Private Bag 2025
NEW PLYMOUTH
Phone: (06) 759 6060
Fax: (06) 759 6073

Website: http://www.pukeariki.com

THE SUTER ART GALLERY
208 Bridge Street,
Nelson.
Phone: (03) 548 4699
Fax:  (03) 548 1236,
Email suter@netaccess.co.nz
Website:  http://www.thesuter.org.nz

WAIKATO MUSEUM OF ART & HISTORY
Private Bag 3010
Hamilton
Phone: (07) 838-6606
Fax: (07) 838-6553
Email: museum@hcc.govt.nz

Website: http://www.waikatomuseum.org.nz

9. SOURCES

Annual reports and/or legislation of departments and agencies.

Organisational web sites

 


 

Page last updated: August 20, 2007

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